Ideological Criticism Essay Sample

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Understanding Corruption And Its Effects On Free Speech Essay

The measurement, as a result of the varying definitions and forms of corruption, is very difficult to do and becomes further complicated due to the illegal and concealed nature of such acts (Brunetti 2003). Initial surveys took more of a straightforward questioning approach, but given that the nature of some of the most corrupt countries may have severe restrictions on free speech, they may have discouraged respondents from providing accurate answers (Soares 2004). A more common approach to understanding corruption focuses more on the notion of perceived corruption. That is, instead of asking the survey respondents directly about their experiences with corruption, the surveyors ask the respondents about how much corruption they think exists within their country or specific field of work. The first such surveys were administered by Transparency International (TI) over a cross-national platform (Treisman 2007; Montinola 2002). They noted that the more subjective indexes of perceived c orruption – which were based on evaluations of both experts and the opinions of business people and citizens – turned out to be highly correlated with a variety of factors that are commonly believed to be the roots of corruption. Currently, two such indexes have evolved from the first efforts created by TI – a Corruptions Perceptions Index (CPI) created by TI and a rating of the control of corruption published by the World Bank (WB). The CPI essentially averages the standardized values whileShow MoreRelated2.1 The Birth Of Free Speech . It Is Difficult To Pinpoint1267 Words   |  6 Pages2.1 THE BIRTH OF FREE SPEECH It is difficult to pinpoint the exact time or year in which the concept of free speech emerged. It has been argued over and debated since the time of ancient Greeks, freedom of speech has always been an indispensable condition of what it means to be a free person. The first known martyr to the principle of free speech was Socrates. In 399BC before his jury to city state of Athens he was tried for corruption the morals of Greek youth and he said that he would ratherRead MoreWhistleblowing962 Words   |  4 Pageschannel. If such things are not motivated, a whistleblower might be afraid that his actions will be considered as misconduct and some kind of punishment will proceed. However, this person seems to be stigmatized in ethics and shows a high level of understanding and respect for the rights of others. A whistleblower is also a person of courage and moral principles, as the revolt against some violations presupposes such qualities. A culture of loyalty is a common thing for many companies that believeRead MoreFigures of Speech in English Newspaper Headlines1249 Words   |  5 Pagestaken newspaper headlines to analyze figurative language which is at the basis of understanding English literature and learning of it (literature). II) Figurative Language and Newspaper Headlines Now, let’s see the importance of figurative language. ‘Figurative language is a conspicuous departure from what user of a language apprehend as the standard meaning of words, in order to achieve some special meaning or effect.’ (Abrams 2005, 96) Figurative language has often been divided into two classes:Read MoreEffects of the Constitution, Bill of Rights, and Declaration of Independence976 Words   |  4 PagesEffects of the Constitution, Bill of Rights, and Declaration of Independence People in the United States can participate in government activities by voting and opposing their views. People are protected under the Constitution and Bill of Rights. These documents lay down the blueprint for freedom. As a man, women, or child, you are affected by these important documents they guarantee your basic rights like freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and economic freedom. Lincoln best put itRead MoreAnimal Farm Rhetorical Analysis1591 Words   |  7 Pagesproved to be just as oppressive as the reign of Nicholas II. Most importantly, this corruption and oppression was elucidated by British author George Orwell through the use of rhetorical devices in the allegorical satire Animal Farm, where the audience receives a glimpse into the cunning caricature of Russian leadership circa 1900. Orwell’s employment of syntax in Animal Farm emphasizes the pigs’ gradual corruption of Animalism, enabled by the use of propaganda. In the second chapter of the novelRead MoreHow The Media Is The Issue Of The 21st Century1137 Words   |  5 Pages1. The relationship of money to Free Speech is the issue of the 21st century. (Bill Moyers in Freedom of Speech for Sale). a) In the light of this quotation, explain both the advantages and dangers of media ownership concentrated in only a few mega-corporations. Refer to specific readings/viewings to back up your thoughts. b) According to Robert McChesney (Corporate Media the Threat to Democracy), and the movie Free Speech for Sale, why is such a concentration of corporate ownership a threatRead MoreThe Censorship Of The Arts1173 Words   |  5 Pagescensorship is more prevalent in contemporary society due to the easy accessibility and rapid spread of media. So much so that the question of â€Å"Is censorship helpful or harmful?† has arisen. Censorship is helpful. It provide a level of defense against corruption of the youth, defilement of religion, and alienation of values. Consider the controversy around the public mural of a naked woman by street artist Hyuro in Atlanta. The unrealistic depiction is of a nude woman â€Å"put[ting] on a dress, which morphsRead MoreThe Benefits and Problems of Democracy1750 Words   |  7 Pagesthis modern form of democracy are as well as the issues and potential problems that a democratic society would have to face. To start off, we can look at some of the clear advantages and disadvantages of having a democracy in terms of dealing with corruption, a serious issue in both democratic and non-democratic countries alike. First of all, we must see that most democratic styles of government and any of the slight variations do give a great deal of power to the people and since the people have theRead MoreA Brief Note On The Khmer Rouge Regime1459 Words   |  6 Pageswhich established Sihanouk as now King and outlined a series of articles that aimed to address issues across the board. The articles protected free speech, human rights of the Khmer citizens, sovereignty of the nation, and economic policy among many other aspects. The anti-Vietnamese discrimination was rising in Cambodia, often expressed through hate speech or propaganda of people who blamed the Vietnamese for internal problems of the country. Vietnamese made up about 5 percent of the population,Read MoreGeorge Orwell s The Constitution Of The United States973 Words   |  4 PagesConstitution of the United States that was signed on September 17, 1787 and presented by George Washington. Based on the Constitution there is articles and amendments missing in the novel 1984 and how those missing amendments and articles make our society free and democratic. The constitution is a treaty between government and citizens, it would it be catastrophic if someone would have absolute power amount us. â€Å"First thing to realize is that power is collective...the second is that power is power over

Geography and the Influence on Roman Civilization free essay sample

The Empire of Ancient Rome dominated the area surrounding it, becoming vast and powerful. The land of Italy, though, the home of Rome, contributed to the rising of Roman Civilization. Its land was bordered by vast mountains that separated them from European countries, the sea surrounded them, and the land itself was filled with vast resources that the Romans could use to their advantage. All throughout Italy, there are vast hills and mountain sources that protect the land.The greatest is on the northern border of Italy, where the Alps separate Europe from Rome’s homeland. These mountains would be a great boundary for invaders to try to cross. During the winter, travel through the Alps was practically impossible. In other seasons, if someone tried to cross, they could be seen during their slow travel and Rome would have time to prepare. Also, these hills and mountains provided fresh water that could be brought down by aqueducts for clean drinking and bathing water. We will write a custom essay sample on Geography and the Influence on Roman Civilization or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The rest of Italy is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea, as the land is a huge peninsula jutting out into the waters. This gave Ancient Rome access to water routes to send ships out to other countries. Through the Mediterranean Sea, they could send out ship merchants to trade with other countries, expanding their resources for living. Also, Rome had developed an advanced army that sailed out to invade and conquer. Italy itself had many resources.Two volcanos on the peninsula could provide with large amounts of copper. The volcanic soil also is rich for farming and has many minerals. The buildings were built using the volcanic stone found in the hills, known as tufa rock. The hills provided protection so not so many defense towers had to be built around cities. The civilization of Rome might not have fallen at all if these factors alone determined their fate. Political corruption, along with a possible spread of malaria, brought the Roman Empire to its knees.However, the Empire lasted for such a long time, and it has the wonderful geography of Italy to thank for that. WORKS CITED Ashe, Mark. Ancient Rome. Ancient Rome- Geography. Ithaca High School, n. d. Web. 30 Sept. 2012. . Milani-Santarpia, Giovanni. Ancient Rome Geography. MariaMilani. com. N. p. , n. d. Web. 30 Sept. 2012. . Rome. Encyclop? dia Britannica from Encyclopaedia Britannica Ready Reference 2004 CD-ROM. Copyright  © 1994-2003 Encyclop? dia Britannica, Inc. October 1, 2012.

Appraisal Report of Air Thread Connections free essay sample

Appraisal report of Air Thread connections Jennifer Zhang Robert Zimmerman (Vice President of ACC) New York Business Review, august 2007, volume 3, pp34-89 Appraisal Report ABSTRACT This paper intends to analyze and evaluate the Air Thread Connection (ATC) Company and determine whether the acquisition by the American Cable is acceptable. From the outset, it is observable that, the acquisition would give American Cable access to wireless technology and the wireless spectrum. Thus acquisition offers more competitive service bundles on company’s service delivery. However, the real situation and the anticipated benefits will only be ascertained by insight analysis. MAIN METHODOLOGY ON VALUING ATC APV METHOD: It is imperative to note that, discounted cash flow methodology is applied in valuing Air Thread Connection Company. This is critical in establishing the viability of the anticipated acquisition. This methodology requires use of the projections from Air Thread Connections, which are given in the Exhibit 1. This allows calculation of the total revenue, EBITDA, EBIT and the Unlevered Net Income. We will write a custom essay sample on Appraisal Report of Air Thread Connections or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Furthermore, the depreciation and Amortization, Capital Expenditures and the assumptions projected in Exhibit one case to make the adjustments in working Capital. These will all facilitate calculation of the Unleveraged Cash Flow (UFCF) from 2012 which stable increases. Consider the computations referencing income statement on separate sheet. TERMINAL VALUE Furthermore terminal value as a key valuation factor which can be calculated in two ways namely perpetuity model and market value of comparable companies. The perpetuity model involves use of terminal year free cash flow (FCF), growth of terminal year cash flow over the previous year and WACC with additional debt (COMFORT BRIEGER, 2002). On the other hand, similar company model requires the EBIT and market value to determine the EBIT ratio of similar companies in comparison with that of AirThread Connection. The computation of perpetuity method illustrates as follows. Future cash flows (FCF) times a growth factor g with using Weighted-Average Cost of Capital (WACC=7. 03%) as discount factor, so Terminal value equals FCF*(1+ g)/(WACC-g). In this case the Terminal Value of Perpetual Future Cash Flows is $16. 4147B. For the non-operating assets, assume ATC investments are within wireless communications industry, non-operating assets are added to operating assets of AirThread connections for easy accountability (RUSSEL REEVES, 2006). The valuation of Non-Operating Assets needs information from Air Thread Income Statement shows â€Å"Equity in Earnings of Affiliates† and weight-based P/E ratio for comparable companies referencing the third worksheet. Thus â€Å"Equity in Earnings of Affiliates† equals $90M times P/E Ratio which is 19. 22 obtain the value of Air Thread NonOperating Assets at $1. 730 B INTEREST RATE DETERMINATION The rate used in discounting UFCF due to the macro economy nature or the industry in, which Airthread Connections company operate. Similarly, the rates used in discounting the terminal value correlated with the growth trend of AirThread Connection (CASSEDY, 2004) which is (WACC-g). Finally the rate used in estimating the long-term growth was chosen because it would be the function of the company‘s return on capital and reinvestment rate (GROPPELLI NIKBAKHT, 2000) So all in all, the valuation assignable to Air Thread Connections is the sum of the NPVs of operating cash flows and the terminal value and is shown in Table 6 of the attached worksheet. The valuation is $12,834. 79 million. SYNERGIES CONSIDERED Two significant areas of synergy between American Cable Communications and Air Thread Connections are the savings in backhaul costs for ATC and the additional revenue from wireless business subscribers. The savings in backhaul costs flow directly to the company’s earnings and cash flow. The offering of bundled services results in additional revenues which yield additional earnings after proportionate expenses. The computations are in Table 7 of the attached worksheet. The Net Present Value of the additional cash flows due to these two areas of synergy is comes to $461. million. The valuation of ATC with the effect of synergy rises to $13,296. 39 million or rounded to $13. 30 billion. SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS (Indicates in worksheet â€Å"Sensitivity Analysis† in separate sheet) Private Company Discount: The discount related to illiquidity of private investments which diminishes as revenue of company increases. This discount bounded on lower end by cost of going public equal to 10%. Growth Rate (g): The growth rates which are used in terminal value calculation can have a tremendous effect on terminal value. To illustrate, 1. 5% to 2. 5% ? in growth rate has a $3. 000 B to $7. 000 B effect. Potential Synergy: The increase in revenue from bundled service offerings (BODIE MERTON, 2000) could be higher or lower than expected. To illustrate, a 20% change in revenue has a $1. 000 B effect on Air Thread’s value. RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION Through thoughtful valuation, it is imperative to note that, the Air Thread Connection cash flow tends to increase from the year 2008 to 2012 which indicates the financial stability of the company. Since the stability and its internal systems and policies seem to work effectively, the intended acquisition seems viable. After elaborative analysis, acquisition on Air Thread Connections is obtainable for amount between $8. 162 B and $13. 525 B. Special attention should be given to the projected growth rate of Air Thread Connections, which will have a significant effect on total value of the firm (Ahmed, 2009). Note that, 1% ? in growth rate has 30% net effect on total firm value. References BODIE, Z MERTON, R. C. (2000). Finance. Upper Saddle River, NJ, Prentice Hall. BANKS, E. (2011). Finance. New York, NY, Routledge. AHAMED, L. (2009). Lords of finance: the bankers who broke the world. New York, Penguin Press. GROPPELLI. A. A NIKBAKHT. E (2000). Finance. Hauppauge, N. Y. , Barrons. RUSSELL, J. D. , REEVES, F. W. (2006). Finance. Chicago, Ill, the University of Chicago Press. COMFORT, J. , BRIEGER, N. (2002). Finance. New York, Prentice Hall International JEAN, W. H. (2003). Finance. [New York], Dryden Press. CASSEDY, P. (2004). Finance. San Diego, Calif, Lucent Books

French people Essay Example

French people Essay Example French people Essay French people Essay The representatives of the French people, constituted into a National Assembly, considering that ignorance, forgetting or contempt of the rights of man are the sole causes of public misfortunes and of the corruption of governments, are resolved to expose [i.e., expound], in a solemn declaration, the natural, inalienable and sacred rights of man, so that that declaration, constantly present to all members of the social body, points out to them without cease their rights and their duties; so that the acts of the legislative power and those of the executive power, being at every instant able to be compared with the goal of any political institution, are very respectful of it; so that the complaints of the citizens, founded from now on in simple and incontestable principles, turn always to the maintenance of the Constitution and to the happiness of all. The opening line of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen enunciates the primary motivation for its creation.   A fundamental document that was the product of the French Revolution, the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen espouses what the National Assembly considered as the natural and inalienable rights of man.   Arguing that the individual and collective rights of all of the individuals in all the estates of the realm are universal, this declaration is the answer of the National Assembly against the abuse of power that occurred during the French Revolution.   It was a crucial declaration that paved the way for the institution of a Constitutional Monarchy. : It must be remembered that the French Revolution was major turning point in European History as it signaled the end of aristocracy and marked the age of western Democracy.   The citizens of a nation were no longer to be regarded as servants but as a dominant political force in determining policies of a nation (Doyle, 2002).   There are many interrelated causes for the French Revolution.   Perhaps the single most obvious cause was the rising ambition of bourgeoisie class who were allied with the lower class folk in their attempt to overthrow what was then perceived as an oppressive monarchy in France during that period (McPhee, 2002).   With the hardships that the peasant class experienced during those times, the bourgeoisie was easily able to manipulate them and gain their support.   The fiscal crises that ensued due to the insolvency of the French monarchy led to massive poverty and hunger in France and further attempts to remedy the situation by imposing higher taxes fina lly caused the lower classes to overthrow the rulers of France (Doyle, 2002). The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen was important for the National Assembly to issue because it was the first step in creating the constitution of France.   Prepared by Marquis de Lafayette, this Declaration spearheaded the efforts for reform and was later replaced by the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of 1793.   It also defined the individual and collective rights that all Estates of the Realm were to be granted.   Since it was influenced heavily by the Doctrine of Natural Rights, the rights that were granted through the Declaration were argued to be universal in its application, being granted to everyone, even to those who were not from the nobility or the clergy. This removal of any distinctions as to class was critical at this juncture in the French Revolution because this was one of the main causes for the revolution in the first place.   The abuses that the nobility and certain members of the clergy committed against those of lower stature had become too much that the citizens decided to revolt.   â€Å"Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be founded only upon the general good.†Ã‚   It is clear that the declaration manifested several of the sentiments that the citizenry had for the nobility and accordingly addressed them by making the declarations contained therein. As the first step in paving the way for a constitutional monarchy, the National Assembly saw it as imperative that such a declaration be issued; â€Å"All the citizens, being equal in the eyes of the law, are equally admissible to all public dignities, places, and employments, according to their capacity and without distinction other than that of their virtues and of their talents†.   The principles that are contained in the declaration clearly show this was an essential preparatory step to the establishment of a new type of government.   As such, it was also essential that certain important provisions be included so that the public would be more accepting of such. Drawing on several political philosophies, the Declaration of the rights of man and citizen, was influenced by the philosophical and political principles that were prevalent during the Age of Enlightenment, more particularly individualism and the social contract of John Locke.   This radical re-ordering of society was necessary according to the National Assembly.   The Doctrine of Popular Sovereignty and Equal Opportunity had struck a pleasing chord among the masses and the National Assembly realized that for any change to take place it had to have overwhelming public support. Another reason why it was important to issue the declaration of the rights of man and citizen was because of the fact that it was to be used as the framework for the new government that the National Assembly sought to establish.   In the French Model, the nobility existed for the sole purpose of governance so that there would be a common factor that united the people and helped them progress in a singular direction.   These governments exhibited a certain structure wherein there was a single ruler or head that gave the decrees and orders and determined what laws were to be established.   There was no separation of powers as is characterized by the more modern forms of government that exist around the world at the present.   All powers, executive, legislative and judicial, were more often embodied in a single person or head.   As the events leading up to the French Revolution have shown, this was a bad precedent and has been corrected by the separation of powers to prevent t he abuse by the solitary head or ruler. As such, the declaration clearly set out to define the principle of sovereignty.   It was crucial that the principle of sovereignty was defined as being inherent in the Nation.   To prevent further abuses of power, the declaration made provisions to ensure that nobody was deprived of their sovereign rights.   Being inherent, it recognized that everyone was equal.   This was in stark contrast to the previous assertions concerning the divine right of kings.   The French Monarchy claimed that the authority that the ruler or head exercised was said to have been derived from a much higher being or one form of deity or another.   The power to rule over the people was never claimed, until later years, to be from the common will of the masses but rather was authority that was handed down from God and therefore unquestionable.   This practice was common in most governments until after the Middle Ages when the European societies gave rise to new religions and the birth of the Ame rican civilization.   As such, this provision was included in order to prevent further abuses.   By arguing that power lay with the people and was not bestowed upon a certain class, it protected the masses from future abuses by those in power. Historically, the lower class of French society had few rights, if any.   They did not have the same privileges as the upper classes and were frequently the victims of abuse.   In order to institute the reform that was needed, the National Assembly had to provide this class of society with a sense of identity.   As such, the declaration made sure that these individuals could no longer be trampled on or taken advantage of by those of the First and Second Estates.   The abolition of any distinction and the establishment of sovereignty as being inherent in the members of the States provided the former members of the Third Estate with the identity to participate in the determination of the their nation’s political identity. Rights such as Fair Hearing and Due Process were no longer reserved for the privileged few but were inalienable rights inherent in every citizen.   In cases wherein they would not be properly represented, the National Assembly provided the declaration to ensure that they would be able to freely exercise their right to be heard.   Regarding the issue of taxation, the Third Estate were also protected so that everyone was subject to such tax equally.   As laborers, the Third Estate were also granted protections under law to prevent them from being abused. The declaration of the rights of man and citizen was a crucial piece of legislation that the National Assembly needed to issue in order to facilitate the transition into a Constitutional Monarchy.   By granting the members of the Third Estate with a new identity and with more rights under the law, the National Assembly radically changed the political landscape and thus made it possible for the French Revolution to finally end. References: Doyle, W. (2002) Oxford history of the French Revolution, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press Furet, Francois (1996) The French Revolution 1770-1814 2nd Edition Oxford Blackwell, pp 3-101 944.04 Fur. McPhee, P. (2002) The French Revolution, 1789-1799, Oxford: Oxford University Press Owen, Connelly (1999) The French Revolution and the Napoleonic Era 3rd Edition; London, Thompson Learning, Chapters 1-3 Palmer, R. (1959) The Age of the Democratic Revolution: A Political History of Europe and America, 1760-1800. vol 1 nbsp;