Indoor Plumbing and Public Sanitation in Developing Countries Essay Example for Free

Indoor Plumbing and Public Sanitation in Developing Countries Essay The porcelain throne, the pot, the pooper, the potty, the latrine, the toilet. That is something we don’t give much thought to, unless something is wrong with it. What about the shower or the sink? How often to do you go to your sink to get a glass of water and wonder â€Å"Am I drinking someone’s poo? Will it be clean today or will I get sick? † I know for myself, I rarely give this any thought at all and I can honestly say that I have never worried that my drinking water would be contaminated by feces. However, for many around the world, this is a constant concern. Many today either don’t have access to clean water or don’t have access to very much water at all. They openly defecate, as well as drink, cook, and bathe in contaminated water. This causes several life threatening diseases and illnesses. I will discuss the water and sanitation issues in under developed countries, as well as what is being done to improve these situations. Early one December morning in Boise Idaho, I woke up to an especially cold day. I tiredly scuffled myself to my bathroom, went pee and when I went to flush my toilet, nothing happened. Still slightly asleep and confused, I tried a couple more times to get it to flush. Still nothing happened. Frustrated, I opened my tank and found that there was no water in it at all. I thought that that was strange, so I checked my faucet. I turned the handle and no water came out, I quickly checked my shower and kitchen sink next. I had no water at all. Realizing that I had to work in a few hours and I had no way to shower, brush my teeth or clean up in any way, I became quite irate. I called my management company and apparently pipes had frozen in most of their properties. After this experience I started thinking about my reaction and how there are countries that don’t have access to clean water ever. Though I think that the reaction that I had would have been the same for any person living in the U. S. , I don’t know if it was as big of a deal as it felt like in the moment. I didn’t die from not having water for one day, I wasn’t forced to defecate in my front lawn or drink from a sewer. I didn’t get sick and I didn’t even have to go the entire day without a shower. In fact, I didn’t have to go even a couple of hours without access to water. We, in America, are so used to having constant access to clean water and indoor plumbing that if we have to go an hour without it, it’s as though our entire world is crashing down. We rarely give thought to those in underdeveloped countries that lack access to clean water at all. There are approximately 7 billion people living on earth today. There are about 2. 6 billion people today that don’t have a toilet or access to one (Yamaguchi). That is about 40% of the world’s population! That is a huge number of people without toilets. Here in America, there is not a single home that does not have a toilet. Even the homeless have constant access to restroom facilities and clean water. I had a conversation with a friend of mine that works with the homeless on a daily basis to see what the situation was like for the homeless in America in regards to restroom access and sanitation. I asked him if any of the homeless people that he worked with were ever forced to openly defecate or go without a shower. He informed that the only ones that did that were never forced to, but they did it by choice. He also told me that many that are homeless are on Medicaid, so if they get sick they can just go to the doctor. This is quite different from developing countries, where people die all the time from not being able to afford medical care. Developing countries not only lack affordable medical care but they have very limited ability to prevent the spread of illness, such as those caused by exposure to fecal matter (Yamaguchi). However, in America we have sewage systems and plants that filter and treat our sewer water. In Los Angeles there is the Hyperion sewage plant that processes enough fecal matter to fill three Rose Bowl Stadiums every day (Yamaguchi). That is just in Los Angeles, what about the rest of the U.  S.? It is mind boggling to think about how much is processed. Now let’s look at India, a country that has significantly grown economically, however is still severely lacking proper sanitation systems. According to UNICEF, about 600 million people in India are without access to a toilet (â€Å"World Toilet Day 2012†). That is more than half the population of India. Instead of using a toilet, they openly defecate wherever they can. Many use the Yamuna River (Yamaguchi), the largest river in the Ganges of Northern India. The result has been a severely contaminated water source. The river has literally turned black and bubbles from the methane gases. The shores are not only polluted with fecal matter but trash as well and yet still the people are using the water from the river (Yamaguchi). I think many American’s reaction to this would be â€Å"Gross† or we might generalize and think that Indians are just unsanitary people. Is that really the case, though? The people living in underdeveloped countries are rarely living in unsanitary conditions by choice. Many are ignorant to proper sanitation practices and/or are living in conditions where they have no access to clean water. In the urban slums of New Delhi, people are defecating anywhere they can; in the middle of the streets, next to rail road tracks, or just feet from where they eat, drink and sleep. The water they are using to cook, drink, and bathe with is water from a sewer (Yamaguchi). About 1000 children die every day from diarrhea (Bajait, Thawani). This lack of proper sanitation systems is exposing these children and adults to fecal matter on a daily basis, which is causing diseases like Typhoid, Cholera and other severe illnesses linked with diarrhea. Is this the fault of the individual or the fault of their governments? In my opinion, both are at fault. Though developing countries have very little access to informational services, I do believe that it falls in the hands of the individual to get informed and I believe that it is the responsibility of the government to provide the services required to inform its people on proper sanitation, as well as provide a clean environment to live in via sanitation systems. This lack of toilets, which results in a lack of clean water, is obviously a very big problem. So what is being done about it? In 2001 Jack Sim founded the World Toilet Organization. This organization is dedicated to improving the world’s toilet and sanitation situation. They make toilets that are affordable for those living in impoverished conditions. Jack Sim also works with governments of developing countries and small organizations to help provide toilets to those in need. One of those small organizations is run by Bapak Sumadi in Indonesia. Sumadi is a major leader in Indonesia in providing the public with toilets and teaching the importance of public sanitation. Together their goal is to end open defecation (Yamaguchi). Though the changes and effects are small, they are not insignificant. The conditions that these people are forced to live in, is truly a crisis. Thousands die every day from not having proper sanitation systems. The invention of the toilet and sewage systems has not only given us a way to get rid of our feces, but it has provided us with sanitary conditions which keeps our water clean and reduces the chances of contracting diseases. No matter who you are or where you live, everyone deserves to have access to a toilet and clean water. The question now is; what more can be done? Should the government help provide better access to toilets and sanitation systems? What about other countries? Do we hold any responsibility in helping these developing countries? In my opinion, yes we do. One scholarly journal, in reference to David Hemson, stated â€Å"†¦ regular water supply to the rural poor is both a constitutional requirement and a social necessity†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Phaswana-Mafuya 298). I think it is imperative that we learn to help one another, so that we can grow together rather than grow apart. I know the next time that I use the restroom, take a bath, or even just get a glass of water; I will be grateful for all that I have and that I don’t have to worry about what I am drinking or bathing in. What about you?

Essay --

Describe the future As the world grows so do our challenges. Not only are our problems growing in number but they are also growing in complexity. There is barely a day that goes by when I don't hear about some new problem that will soon endanger us all. While some of these problems such as El Nino, earthquakes, and other natural disasters cannot be stopped there are other threats such as the extension of racial abhorrence, mounting risk of disease spread, and the increasing levels of civil agitation all over the world, which endanger numerous lives everyday. Most of the future's challenges will only be made possible if all people, regardless of race, color, or nationality, attempt to work together for a stronger world. There are numerous ways in which I believe that we can assist society meet this future challenge of coming together as a united world. To make the people of the world combine would barely take time in persuading people of the world that we are all in quest of the sam e fundamental goals. Many suffer problems on a much less grandiose scale. In spite of the fact that th... Essay -- Describe the future As the world grows so do our challenges. Not only are our problems growing in number but they are also growing in complexity. There is barely a day that goes by when I don't hear about some new problem that will soon endanger us all. While some of these problems such as El Nino, earthquakes, and other natural disasters cannot be stopped there are other threats such as the extension of racial abhorrence, mounting risk of disease spread, and the increasing levels of civil agitation all over the world, which endanger numerous lives everyday. Most of the future's challenges will only be made possible if all people, regardless of race, color, or nationality, attempt to work together for a stronger world. There are numerous ways in which I believe that we can assist society meet this future challenge of coming together as a united world. To make the people of the world combine would barely take time in persuading people of the world that we are all in quest of the sam e fundamental goals. Many suffer problems on a much less grandiose scale. In spite of the fact that th...

Passion for excellence

I believe excellence is the key leading to success. More than ever, we are nonstop improving ourselves in order not to be left behind. However, each of us has deferent goals and formulas to achieve our goals. To me, I have a strong belief in the knowledge I have gained. It Increases considerably the chance of my success. On top of that Is the passion I put Into everything I do. Knowledge determines who we are In society. We all have at least once asking ourselves that why we have to go to school. Most of the time, the answer Is because our parents asked us to.Only up till now, I believe they were totally right. Primary school taught me the very first handwriting, which now people use to Judge how I am. High school explained almost all questions that people around me could only give vague answers. Moreover, now I am gradually making my dream come true in university. I cannot build my knowledge today without experiences in life. I used to be always afraid of failure. Unfortunately, the more I am scared of it, the more likely it will occur. That mistake is probably the biggest shame I have ever had. My radiation could only be a disaster unless my teacher appeared.However, it was also a turning point in my life. That moment gave me the lesson that success does not only include training but also through challenges. Nowadays, people tend to give up on their goals too easily, which then leads to an immediate failure. The reason for this is because of the lack of passion. Donald Trump, a well-known successful billionaire, used to advice the new generation to find their passion and love what they do. His achievement is the best evidence for this secrete component of success. The passion we hold to each goal helps and substantially overcomes the discouragement in front of any loss.Once we understand, every target is achievable. In conclusion, with knowledge and passion, nothing Is impossible. When we prepare ourselves readily, I believe there is no challenge can stop us from reaching the highest possible achievement. A quote I always tell myself, â€Å"follow the excellence, success will chase me†. P. s: I am looking forward to receiving feedback for my essay, despite of the final result. Thank for your time Passion for excellence By unhyphenated 1 ACH of us has different goals and formulas to achieve our goals.To me, I have a strong belief in the knowledge I have gained. It increases considerably the chance of my success. On top of that is the passion I put into everything I do. Knowledge determines who we are in society. We all have at least once asking ourselves that why we have to go to school. Most of the time, the answer is because be always afraid of failure. Unfortunately, the more I am scared of it, the more likely it In conclusion, with knowledge and passion, nothing is impossible. When we prepare result. Thank you for your time.

Should Vaccines Be Required By Law - 1670 Words

Should Vaccines be Required by Law? Introduction The Center for Disease Control estimated that 732,000 American children have been saved by vaccines in the last ten years. Vaccines should be required by law so that we can protect ourselves by building our immunity to preventable illnesses, in an easy, quick, and inexpensive fashion, helping stop major epidemics, and in conclusion, save lives. Body Con 1 - Vaccines weaken a person s immune system, and can in cases make someone ill. Vaccines are sometimes unreasonable because our immune system can defend itself, and at time can make things worse. Another problem with vaccines is that majority of the time a child s immune systems can deal with most infections naturally (Vaccines†¦show more content†¦There were also similar cases in Japan and Sweden (Turkington and Ashby). Experts came to the conclusion that the lack of vaccines brought back pertussis in all three cases (Turkington and Ashby). We don t notice the effects of vaccines because many of the illnesses they prevent are now rare, with their effects now forgotten (Kwok). A vaccine is a mix of potentially infectious agents, or some noninfectious part, given to build up a resistance (Stratton). There are four main groups of vaccines: those containing living infectious organisms, those containing infectious agents killed by physical or chemical means, those containing living organisms, and ones containing parts of microorganisms (Stratton). The vaccinated person s immune system then learns to recognize the bacteria as a threat and develops defenses against that specific bacteria so when an individual is exposed to the live version of the bacteria, his or her body is prepared to defend itself. (â€Å"New Vaccines may be cheaper, work better.†) Con 2 - Complications to the vaccines, and the possible cause of illness or reactions can be risky. Vaccinations are not without controversy. Some parents worry about the possible side effects of vaccines can potentially harm their children. Who should not be vaccinated: anyone who has had a serious allergic reaction to a previous shot, anyone with a severe allergy to eggs should not receive MMR, flu, or yellow feverShow MoreRelatedVaccinations: Vaccine and Vaccines Health Center1291 Words   |  6 PagesShould Parents have the right to not vaccinate their children? | GE217 | Ashley Starrett | Should parents have to right to say whether their child should be vaccinated or should it be automatically required? Many parents do vaccinate their children; however there are some that are against putting foreign substances in their child’s body. If parents choose not the have their child vaccinated then how do they go about getting them into school because most schools require students to have aRead MoreVaccinations Should Be Mandatory Vaccinations Essay1595 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"If everything is God s will, then so is the invention of the vaccine, just like the seatbelt.†-Els Borst. This is relevant because if vaccinations were not an effective medical advancement, then they would not have ever been created or used. Vaccinations should be required by governments for the well being of everyone, with the exception of religious obligation. A resistance to vaccine requirements is that some people think vaccinations are propaganda from the government as some s ort of moneyRead MoreWhy Parents Should Not Parents1103 Words   |  5 PagesWhether or not parents should vaccinate their children has been something many parents have had to contemplate since the creation of the first vaccine in 1796. There is the constant battle of whether they should protect their kids against diseases or refrain from pricking them with a multitude of vaccines that could contain ingredients that go against their beliefs. Some vaccines contain ingredients such as aborted fetal tissue or animal residue which many parents think is unethical to inject intoRead MorePersuasive Essay On Vaccines976 Words   |  4 Pages (not finished, please check the three page assignment part thank you) Vaccines are the treatment that helps the human body produce an immunity against certain diseases. Most people in the US have gotten some kind of vaccination in their life and routinely get check ups. But some people in the US have not gotten vaccines at all because of their parents not getting vaccines for them or because they don’t believe that vaccines actually work. Parents and adults also think that the ingredients mightRead MoreEssay Childhood Vaccinations: A Game of Russian Roulette?1551 Words   |  7 PagesEvery parent wants to do what is best for their children and protect them from harm. No parent would allow their child to play with a loaded weapon, even with the safety on, and expect the best outcome. It would never happen. But it does. With every vaccine that is given, we are playing Russian roulette with our children’s lives. Childhood vaccinations have replaced common childhood illness as a â€Å"rite of passage† for many young children. Many parents, at the recommendation of their physician, diligentlyRead MoreShould Vaccinations Be Mandatory?1652 Words   |  7 PagesAudrey Miller Research Paper Draft Laura Thompson 10/21/15 Should Vaccinations be Mandatory? In today’s society, it is very common for parents to have their children vaccinated and to be vaccinated themselves. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Source 1), more than 80% of children from the ages of 19 months to 35 months were immunized for several different diseases. I myself have always been vaccinated, but I believe that it is a person’s right to decide whether or notRead MoreShould There Be Mandatory Vaccinations for Children Entering School?1582 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Should there be mandatory vaccinations for children entering school?† There are many diseases that are preventable with the use of vaccines such as measles, pertussis, polio and rubella. In the United States, Massachusetts became the first state to mandate vaccinations for children upon entering school in 1855. Since then each state has added or amended various requirements of the vaccination schedule. However, various exemptions exist to override vaccinations such as religious reasons, or medicalRead MoreVaccination Of Vaccination And Vaccination1585 Words   |  7 Pages Vaccination is widely considered one of mankind’s utmost medical achievements. Diseases that were not long ago commonplace in society are now increasingly rare due vaccines. Despite this, the United States continues to allow vaccination exemptions for children on the basis of religious or philosophical beliefs. Today, the vast majority of states allow religious exemptions and a smaller, but still substantial, number of states permit the more troubling philosophical exemptio ns. The exemptions compromiseRead MoreSitting In That Room, You Wait Anxiously For The Arrival1343 Words   |  6 Pagesrubs the wipe on your arm. Then she counts down, â€Å"3-2-1.† That is when you feel the pinch of a needle. That was not so bad, considering that the vaccine is going to protect you. Parents should make their kids get vaccinated because it protects them from the diseases that run through the world. Fear of autism is leading to a fear of vaccines; however, vaccines are critically important for children’s health. Disneyland, California is supposed to be one of the happiest and most magical place on EarthRead MoreVaccinations Of The Smallpox Vaccine1687 Words   |  7 Pagessmallpox vaccine in 1798. Because of his discovery, Jenner contributed to the overall annihilation of the disease in 1979 after the vaccine was implemented in different medicines throughout the world (source). Following Jenner, many others produced vaccines to help reduce the fatalities of common diseases such as measles, polio, and rubella, which were once responsible for millions of deaths every year. Now, there is almost no risk of catching these fatal illnesses. Even after vaccines were made

The Inconceivability Argument - 1247 Words

Topic #1 – The Inconceivability Argument Berkeley’s main objective in the inconceivability argument is to show that material substances cannot exist without the mind and are therefore mind-dependent. If an object is considered to be mind-dependent, then the object does not actually exist in the world but instead it exists in the mind as an idea. Berkeley is an anti-materialist, which means that he believes the only things that exist are minds and what is in them. Matter is not an exception to this belief, so Berkeley believes that it is just an idea. In his work Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous Berkeley is arguing against materialism, which views material substance to exist independently outside of the mind. Many philosophers,†¦show more content†¦When trying to think of an object that you have not yet conceived or perceived (Even though it was not necessarily the case earlier in the dialogues, perception and conception can now be explained as interc hangeable terms), you form a concept of an object that is really a combination of ideas about similar objects that you have previously perceived. Since the basis for this ‘unconceived’ object is previous perceptions, it is its nature to be perceived. It is therefore impossible to form an idea about an unconceived object, because the idea is constructed of already perceived ideas. This provides a solid basis for premise three, which states that anything you think of, you conceive, because according to the previous explanation of knowledge, any idea or thought that is not inferred from a new immediate perception is from previous conceptions and those ideas or thoughts that are formed from new immediate perceptions are actively conceived. It is logical to determine that what is conceived is in the mind, because with out the mind there would be no conception. Since there cannot be conception with out the mind, it proves that conception is mind-dependent. The final premise that wraps up Berkeley’s argument for matter being mind-dependent is that anything that is conceived is mind-dependent. Berkeley arrives at this conclusion because when you conceive something, it is in the mind, and what is in the mind is not independent of the mind, and soShow MoreRelatedAn Inquiry Into Human Enquiry1228 Words   |  5 Pagesdemonstratively certain† (Hume 19). We cannot envision the reverse of these relations of ideas. For example, we cannot picture a circular square because that goes against the very definition of a square. A key feature of a contradiction is its inconceivability, so our inability to conjure a contradiction to a relation of ideas serves as a reason to believe Hume’s view. I will now inspect the second group, matters of fact. Matters of fact concern what is the case, and one can imagine the oppositeRead More Cartesian Dualism and the Union of Mind and Body Essay3103 Words   |  13 Pagesfurther explanations. Anyway, these are not necessary, because what follows in his argument is that, despite this union, there is no obstacle to affirm that ... I have a clear and distinct idea of myself, in so far as I am simply a thinking, non-extended thing; and on the other hand I have a distinct idea of body, in so far as this is simply an extended, non-thinking thing. Then, he finally concludes the argument saying that it is certain that I am really distinct from my body, and can exist without

Us Immigration Policy - 3707 Words

United States Immigration Policy Our economic times, international relations, and terrorism have shaped our countries immigration policy. These issues have driven us to pass legislation opening and closing our borders in response to current events. Though not always at the forefront of concern, it has been a constant struggle that has affected the dynamics of our country. Arizona’s recent passing of tough immigration laws aimed at identifying and deporting illegal immigrants has again put immigration at the forefront of American politics. Additionally, it has raised the question of constitutionality and rekindled the flame of State v. Federal power. In order to trace the history of our countries immigration policies you must first†¦show more content†¦Over the next sixty years United States immigration policy would continue to resist not just Chinese immigration but Asian immigration as a whole. Chinese immigration may have been at standstill but the need for cheap labor was still there. This lead to an influx of Japanese immigrants to fill the void left by the Chinese work force. This would lead problems as Americans would again resent having their jobs given to immigrants. That compounded with rampant racial conflicts lead to President Roosevelt entering into an agreement with the Japanese government known as the Gentleman’s Agreement of 1907 (Three Decades of Mass Intergration, 1995). Japan agreed not to issue out passports to Japanese citizens wanting to work in the United States and the United States agreed not to segregate the existing Japanese population residing in the United States. Unlike the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, this was not an act but an agreement that was never ratified. Its main purpose was to ease tensions between Japan and the United States. Though it did serve to limit the number of Japanese immigrants coming into the country. Asian immigration into the United States would be dealt another blow in the years to come. As animosity towards Asian’s escalated in the early 1900’s so did the attempts to keep them from entering the United States. The Chinese Exclusion Act had alreadyShow MoreRelatedPolitical Dimensions Of Us Immigration Policies1207 Words   |  5 PagesPolitical Dimensions of US Immigration Policies Japanese and Chinese Immigration and Exclusionary Immigration Policies Anti-immigrant driven exclusive immigration policies barred Japanese and Chinese immigrants from immigrating to the United States and accessing the privileges of citizenship. Through the Immigration Acts of 1917, 1921, and 1924, the US government insured that Japanese and Chinese immigrants could not immigrate to the United States by creating an artificial geographic area or â€Å"AsiaticRead MoreThe Immigration Act Is A Defining Moment That Changed Us Immigration Policy877 Words   |  4 PagesThe 1965 Amendment to the Immigration Act was a defining moment that radically changed US immigration policy and provided the basis for all that we have witnessed today with its far reaching consequences. Before 1965, the national origins quotas, which heavily favored British, German, and Irish immigrants, was replaced with a less discriminatory system (Hatton, 2015). Many decades following the enactment of this law saw a dramatic rise in the total number of immigrants, and an equally drama tic switchRead More US Immigration Policy Before and After September 11 Essay2956 Words   |  12 Pagesonly the United States’ immigration policy, but also to the United States’ national security. On that unforgettable day, September 11, the United States, the world’s most richest and powerful nation, discovered the hard way that even money and power could not annihilate vulnerability. After September 11 Americans wanted to feel safe again in their own home so the United States restricted its immigration policy to help prevent terrorists from entering the country. The US government, however, keptRead MoreImmigration : A Nation Of Immigrants937 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"Immigration make us stronger. It keeps us vibrant. It keeps us hungry. It keeps us prosperous. It is part of what makes this such a dynamic country†-Barack Obama. Throughout America’s history, immigrants have been a pivotal aspect on its economy and culture. America has alwa ys been a nation of immigrants, in fact during 1881 to 1920 nearly 23.5 million immigrants were welcomed by the American government with open arms. However, this phase ended when the U.S. government decided to put a limit onRead MoreImmigration Policies During Mexican Immigration Across The Border From The Mid 20th Century Into The 21st Century1627 Words   |  7 Pages To what extent have United States immigration policies contributed to the fluctuating trends in Mexican immigration across the border from the mid-20th century into the 21st century? Alejandra Estrada Professor Sarah Lischer POL 251 To what extent have United States immigration policies contributed to the fluctuating trends in Mexican immigration across the border from the mid-20th century into the 21st century? This report is centralized around two main arguments. The first argumentRead MoreImmigration Policy Of The United States1017 Words   |  5 Pagesto have open and honest debate of immigration policy in the United States. It is not that there is not an immigration policy. The author presented two points of view: for immigration and for restricted immigration. For a true democracy, policies are formulated, adopted, implemented and evaluated. In the evaluation phase, challenges are made as to the effectiveness of a â€Å"living† policy. All government’s action or inaction, affects the people governed, and immigration is no exception. In fact, it directlyRead MoreImmigration Policy : A Desirable Principle For Establishing Immigration Criteria Essay1488 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout America n history, immigration policy, as Marcelo Suà ¡rez-Orozco notes, has been driven by the concern of whether or not newly admitted immigrants â€Å"would [be able to] contribute to the American project.† Current US immigration regulations, most notably, the criteria for Green Card eligibility established by the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), were drafted with this same fear in mind, and are based off of two principles that may be summarized as: family unification and talent attractionRead MoreThe Effects Of Mexican Immigration On The United States1252 Words   |  6 PagesRUNNING HEAD: IMMIGRATION POLICY Immigration Policy in the United States: The Effects of Immigration on the Legal, Native Workforce Christopher R. Surfus, MBA, MPA Western Michigan University School of Public Affairs and Administration PADM-6840 Management of Public Financial Resources Professor Robert Peters, Ph.D. December 3, 2015 Immigration Policy in the United States: The Effects of Mexican Immigration on the Legal Workforce ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION ImmigrationRead MoreThe Enactment Of Arizona Immigration Laws1241 Words   |  5 Pagesstatement: The enactment of Arizona immigration laws is the result of long-standing structural racism effects, and the practice of these laws leads to unconstitutional racial profiling concerns that target the Latino community on the basis of ethnicity. B. Description of paper / argument: a. In this paper, I will first discuss the historical development of structural racism in Arizona. b. Second, I will examine and analyze Arizona’s current immigration policies. c. Finally, I will discuss unconstitutionalRead MoreAmerican Immigration Entropy : The Land Of Opportunity And The Nation Of Immigrants996 Words   |  4 PagesCherub Ravoori. Eng 102- 050. Daniel Listoe. Draft 1, 10- x-15 â€Å"American Immigration Entropy† Stars and stripes, the land of opportunity and the nation of immigrants. The United States of America, one of the largest and most influential countries today, is and always has been a grand attraction to people all over the world. America has become home to people from all corners on this planet; especially to Europeans seeking wealth and religious

Impact of Driving Forces of Globalization free essay sample

Name of Paper Presenter : Mrs. Sandhya Milind Khedekar Designation : Name of the College : Lecturer Thakur Shyamnarayan College of Education Research, Kandivali (East), Mumbai. Title of the Paper : Impact of driving forces of Globalization – Role of Education Globalization has come to be a principal characteristic feature of the new millennium and it has become an inescapable reality in todays society. No community and society can remain isolated from the forces of globalization. The cyber society has come with a bang. The computer culture is spreading rapidly.Even in a poor country, coca-cola, cars, cosmetics and clothes seen in the cities and towns hide the reality of poverty and suffering of the people. We have almost reached a point to believe that We cannot reverse the trend; we can only go forward! We need to ask: What is the role and priorities of education in this fast changing situation. What is Globalization? Globalization is a new contemporary stage of development of capitalism over the world. It is a process of social change in which geographical and cultural barriers are reduced.This break down of barriers is the result of transportation, communication and electronic communication. It also involves a process by which economies of different countries are oriented to a global market and are controlled by multinational and global financial institutions. It is not merely an economic process, it is also a cultural process. It creates, by the help of media, a mono-culture a culture of rich and powerful. It is no longer a theoretical concept; it is a glaring reality, impinging upon almost every aspect of human existence economic, political, environmental, and cultural and the like. Positive Aspects : There are many potentially positive aspects of globalization, if it is pursued for the common good, not just for the benefit of a few. Today globalization has led to the opening up of the national boundaries to international trade and global competition. Developments linked with globalization have opened up boundless possibilities for human development, enormous new opportunities and enhanced the quality of life for many people in the third world countries.For example, the production of goods for consumption on a massive scale has brought not only a better and more varied goods available to every citizen, but also has brought enormous change in peoples value system. Those who have and are able to buy the goods have attained greater comfort, speedier communication and faster travel. Information technology has converted the world into a global village. The events of far-off lands are easily accessible in our living rooms. This process has promoted exchange of ideas and customs between peoples of different countries.Today our ways of thinking and behaving are now challenged beyond accepted traditional patterns. The horizon of our perspectives has suddenly embraced `the global village beyond the confines of our homes. And this has been reciprocally beneficial. In addition, live communication of facts makes us partake instantaneously in the events of history. It also creates and promotes global concern. We now have the possibility of immediate worldwide attention to global issues, particularly to people in emergency situations. For this reason, it is irrational on our part to reject it outright; an uncritical attitude towards it is unwise.We need to affirm the positive side of this development and make use of the many opportunities it offers for our development. Mrs. Sandhya M. Khedekar 1 Negative Aspects : While some economists and politicians approve these developments, many people look at this process with much apprehension. They look at the global village as an order or mechanism for greater economic exploitation and political oppression. Globalization has many dimensions: economic, technological, political, cultural, social, environmental, ideological, etc. Each of them affects the local either positively or negatively.Let us see some of its negative aspects: a) Economic Force : The world market has emerged as the dominant economic force. While some nations have tremendous economic advantages, others have become more and more dependent. The main players in the present process of globalization are the governments of powerful nations, transnational cooperation, the World Bank and the WTO. The development of all third world countries has to be related to the world market. They control the monetary system and international trade. The multinationals and other institutions with the help of the state control all development processes. The role of developing countries is simply to provide cheap labour to attract investors and to provide raw materials, which are at the mercy of fluctuating prices. They are to meet the needs of others as cheaply as possible. This unfettered growth of the multinationals and the emphasis on foreign trade are not conducive to a development pattern that is oriented to the basic needs of the people. The production needs and patterns are often determined by the market forces. It is unfortunate that they seldom take into consideration the basic needs of the people.Only the stronger and successful competitors survive and thereby widening the gap between the rich and poor, both between countries and within country. One cannot deny that there has been a worldwide growth in poverty, inequality and the human misery. Social injustice is becoming an accepted reality. Indeed, it has created a situation of marginalization, exclusion and social disintegration. Mrs. Sandhya M. Khedekar 2 b) Political Force : The development of the third world countries with the help of industrialized countries has many political implications.The process of globalization from the beginning was fraught with competition, conflict, domination and exploitation. The opening up of the national boundaries for free market has led to a neo-colonialism allowing not only economic domination, but also political domination over the poor nations. For example, the policies of liberalization and withdrawal of subsidies, which are the conditions imposed by the IMF and the World Bank, have resulted in the curtailing of the states power. Today, globalization is creating a government more committed to the protection of foreign investments and less to the protection of the citizens of the country.This makes many people to ask whether the present process of globalization is compatible with democracy, social justice and the social welfare state. c) Social Force : The market ideology of globalization gives a notion that people who cannot afford goods and live in rural areas are considered uncivilized and backward. They feel isolated from the privileged groups. This wrong notion creates an inferiority complex among the poor rural masses that urges them to migrate to the cities and towns in search of employment and better living.It encourages migration not only within a country, but also encourages people to migrate to other countries. It is estimated that there are seventy million workers around the world. The migrant workers are the most exploited people. They suffer from insecurity and social exclusion. This social exclusion is deeper than the economic level. Companies go in for `restructuring and `downsizing which creates redundancies. Permanent employment and skilled workforce is being replaced by the casual and parttime employment creating immense insecurity among the workers.While wages are being lowered, but working hours have been increased. Yet it is almost impossible for a poor worker to rebel against the company that employs him or her. All these lead the poor worker to involve in all sorts of anti-social activities. Mrs. Sandhya M. Khedekar 3 Society has become impersonal, mechanical and inhumane. The present society and its penchant for unprincipled living, selfishness, corruption, opportunism, and violence are the product of consumerism and materialism. d) Cultural Force : Globalization means the export and import of cultures. Globalization involves cultural invasion. Technology is power. It becomes the carrier to those systems and ideologies (values and cultures) within which it has been nurtured. The whole idea of progress and development is decisively shaped by western life-style, worldview and its structures. A monoculture is fast emerging. When we say mono-culture, it means the undermining of economic, cultural and ecological diversity and the acceptance of a technological culture developed in the West and the adoption of its inherent values.The tendency is to accept the efficiency with productivity without any concern for compassion or justice. In traditional societies, people maintained a very strong practice of community ownership of land and property. The accumulation of wealth by individual was not encouraged, but today wealth is increasingly regarded as belonging to individuals and not to the community. The slow erosion of traditional cultural values leads to lack of cohesion in societies. The indigenous culture and its potential to save human development and the earth from destruction are vastly ignored. ) Religious Force : Threatened by the forces of globalization and the ideas of secularism, some sections in all religions assert a fundamentalist posture. Under the pretext of an identity struggle, the Fundamentalists, particularly in the majority community, want to achieve their dominance by controlling the political process through the militant organizations. Religion is used for political control. This process distorts both politics and religion. Moreover, the role of religion moves towards mere private affair, without accepting any social responsibility.Indeed, faith has lost its community anchorage. There is a subtle connection between globalization and the revival of religious fundamentalism. Mrs. Sandhya M. Khedekar 4 Role of Education : We have looked into some of the positive and negative aspects of globalization. It is a process that is inescapable and irreversible. We have to go through it. We have to transform it to meet a new future with hope. We need to be critical of the problems linked to the globalization process. As the major formal agency for conveying knowledge, the school features prominently in the process and theory of globalization.In globalization, it is not simply the ties of economic exchange and political agreement that bind nations and societies, but also the shared consciousness of being part of a global system. That consciousness is conveyed through ever larger transnational movements of people and an array of different media, but most systematically through formal education. The inexorable transformation of consciousness brought on by globalization alters the content and contours of education, as schools take on an increasingly important role in the process.